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A demo paragraph is a powerful tool for writers, designers, and developers as it functions as placeholder text to visualize content within a layout. By utilizing demo text, professionals can test and refine formatting, alignment, and structure before finalizing the actual content. Designers use demo text to ensure visual elements—such as images, buttons, and call-to-action boxes—are properly spaced and balanced with text components, creating an aesthetically pleasing experience. For writers, demo paragraphs offer a framework to experiment with styles and visualize the impact of various content formats. Developers leverage demo paragraphs to test responsiveness and adaptability across devices and screen sizes. The practice of using placeholder text, like dummy or demo text copy, has evolved to accommodate diverse needs, making it a crucial component for creating user-friendly and visually engaging interfaces. Incorporating demo paragraphs also aids in assessing readability, ensuring that real content flows naturally and remains easy to digest. By visualizing the entire content layout, writers and designers can make informed decisions about font choices, line spacing, and paragraph length. Additionally, demo paragraphs are invaluable in optimizing content for SEO, as they provide opportunities to plan where keywords and phrases should be integrated. Whether developing a website, crafting a brochure, or working on a mobile app, demo paragraphs serve as a vital testing ground, helping fine-tune elements before going live. They streamline the process, save time, and help create balanced, engaging content. Incorporating demo text into your workflow offers foresight, precision, and creativity—essential for successful content creation and design.
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A demo paragraph is a powerful tool for writers, designers, and developers as it functions as placeholder text to visualize content within a layout. By utilizing demo text, professionals can test and refine formatting, alignment, and structure before finalizing the actual content. Designers use demo text to ensure visual elements—such as images, buttons, and call-to-action boxes—are properly spaced and balanced with text components, creating an aesthetically pleasing experience. For writers, demo paragraphs offer a framework to experiment with styles and visualize the impact of various content formats. Developers leverage demo paragraphs to test responsiveness and adaptability across devices and screen sizes. The practice of using placeholder text, like dummy or demo text copy, has evolved to accommodate diverse needs, making it a crucial component for creating user-friendly and visually engaging interfaces. Incorporating demo paragraphs also aids in assessing readability, ensuring that real content flows naturally and remains easy to digest. By visualizing the entire content layout, writers and designers can make informed decisions about font choices, line spacing, and paragraph length. Additionally, demo paragraphs are invaluable in optimizing content for SEO, as they provide opportunities to plan where keywords and phrases should be integrated. Whether developing a website, crafting a brochure, or working on a mobile app, demo paragraphs serve as a vital testing ground, helping fine-tune elements before going live. They streamline the process, save time, and help create balanced, engaging content. Incorporating demo text into your workflow offers foresight, precision, and creativity—essential for successful content creation and design.
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仁安健康領域 │ 治腎癌 保功能 康復快 機械臂輔助局部切除腎臟 #泌尿科專科#鄭冠中醫生

仁安健康領域 │ 治腎癌 保功能 康復快 機械臂輔助局部切除腎臟 #泌尿科專科#鄭冠中醫生

早診早治,從來是對付癌症的最佳方法,以腎癌為例,早期個案能夠透過外科手術切除達至根治,配合近年迅速發展的機械臂輔助微創手術,精細切割及傷口縫合技術,進一步提升手術的準確度,腫瘤較大或結構複雜的個案也能因此受惠。今期泌尿外科專科醫生會詳談腎癌手術方案,如何做到擊退癌腫,亦能保留到腎功能。

 

如非病入膏肓,五十七歲的興叔未必知道自己遇上這名癌症殺手。他形容自己體形一向瘦削,偏偏腹部卻隆起,「那時胃口差、渾身乏力,有次在街上暈倒被送到醫院,做了一連串檢查發現腎癌時,腫瘤體積達到十厘米,醫生指用手檢查腰間已能觸摸得到。」他說。

更甚的是,當時興叔併發了貧血及高血鈣症,除了出現便秘及心律不正等症狀,精神也變得散渙。由於興叔狀況非常棘手,醫生評估後認為他先要調理好身體,才能接受手術切除腫瘤。

最終,興叔經歷了約五小時的開腹手術,成功將癌腫切除。術後他開始接受免疫治療,減低復發風險,如今已能如常生活。

腎癌可以根據細胞形態分為腎細胞癌及腎盂癌,前者佔整體個案大約九成,是由腎小管的上皮細胞衍生而成。根據香港癌症資料統計中心最新數字,腎癌排行本港常見男性癌症第七位,二○二一年腎癌新症五百八十六宗,患者年齡層主要於四十五歲以上,比起肺癌及大腸癌等常見癌症,雖然個案較少,但是礙於難被發現,故此一直有隱形殺手之稱。

早期治療 存活率高

仁安醫院泌尿科專科鄭冠中醫生說,大約九成腎癌個案是經身體檢查,意外發現腎臟有腫瘤,通常是相對細小的細胞腫瘤,體積為四厘米以下。由於能在早期確診,故此治癒率相對地高。「美國癌症協會」資料顯示,未擴散的腎癌,治療後五年存活率達百分之九十三,這班患者的預後狀況也會較佳。相反,像興叔這類晚期個案,只佔整體病例一成。

腎臟位處人體後腰部左右肋骨下方,左右各一,拳頭般大。鄭醫生指出,腎臟能夠過濾血液、排解有毒物質及尿素,並會分泌荷爾蒙以調節人體新陳代謝,至於為何會患腎癌,鄭醫生說︰「腎癌與遺傳或後天因素有關,例如基因突變有關,吸煙、肥胖及高血壓等因素都會增加患癌風險。此外,腎衰竭患者患上腎癌機會亦比正常人高出十倍。」

如非因為體檢或其他問題接受超聲波檢查或電腦掃描腹腔,一般情況下,根本難以發現,畢竟早期腎癌是沒有徵狀。隨着病情走向後期,患者才會有血尿及腰部疼痛等症狀,伴隨消瘦及食慾不振。

 

副腫瘤症候群

腎臟有癌腫,是否會影響腎功能,甚或出現腎衰竭?鄭醫生說,腎癌細胞的生長速度不如其他癌症般急速,加上人體有兩顆腎臟,當其中一顆出現問題,另一顆會填補其所失功能;達到十厘米以上的腫瘤,或有可能引起副腫瘤症候群。

所謂副腫瘤症候群,是指身體因癌細胞生長而導致血液、荷爾蒙及神經系統等方面紊亂。「正常腎臟會產生一種名為促紅素的荷爾蒙,它能刺激身體產生紅血球,當腎癌患者腎功能下降,或會因缺少促紅素而導致貧血,這是其中一種副腫瘤症候群徵狀。」鄭醫生說。

副腫瘤症候群亦會引起肝功能下降及併發高鈣症,患者或感到身體虛弱、肌肉無力、胃口變差及精神錯亂等全身性影響。患者可能因上述徵狀求診,追查後發現腎癌。

早期腎癌可以透過切除手術達到根治目的,但患者是否適合接受手術,需要接受電腦掃描及磁力共振等檢查,將病情準確分期,才能制訂治療方案。

腎臟大致可分為四期︰第一、二期的腫瘤局限於腎臟內,一期腫瘤直徑小於七厘米,二期腫瘤直徑大於七厘米;當腫瘤侵犯靜脈或下腔靜脈或附近淋巴結,則屬第三期。如癌細胞擴散至腎臟外,或生長至腎臟頂部的腎上腺,並且擴散到遠端淋巴結或其他器官,則被界定為第四期。 

 

局部切除 保留功能

假如患者屬於第一至三期腎癌,醫生可以根據腫瘤大小、位置、患者年紀及身體機能等因素,考慮以局部或整個腎臟切除形式去進行手術,前者目的是將腫瘤切除並保留其餘正常腎臟組織,後者則會把整個腎臟及腫瘤一併切除。

「如果腫瘤體積較小,例如小於四厘米、處於腎臟周邊位置或是中間位置,一般傾向局部切除。如今,在技術可行的情況下,我們盡可能選擇局部切除,畢竟希望保留到腎功能。假如完全切除患癌的一邊腎臟,日後腎衰竭機會或會增加,腎功能會下降,罹患心血管疾病的風險亦會較高。」鄭醫生說。

如果兩邊腎臟同時發病,手術會如何進行呢?他直言,兩邊都患腎癌個案較少,但仍有機會發生,屆時手術難度無疑會大增,會盡量選擇局部切除,以保留腎功能。

鄭醫生解釋,腎臟是一個較多血液供應的器官,手術期間,必須先以儀器夾着腎臟血管,阻斷血流供應,過程中難免短暫影響腎功能,故此手術時間不能太長,必須爭分奪秒。如果同時進行兩側腎臟局部切除手術,有機會短時間內出現急性腎衰竭。換個角度,其中一邊腎臟全切、另外一邊局部切除,又是否可行呢?他說並非不可,然而長遠來說,相關個案的腎功能也會相對較差。

 

機械臂輔助 更精準

不論是局部或是整個腎臟切除,患者會擔心手術帶來很大創傷。傳統上,腎臟切除以開腔手術為主,惟如今九成個案已經可以透過腹腔鏡切除。這種微創手術主要透過數個細小切口切除腎臟及相關組織,有助減少術後痛楚,加快患者康復時間,近年配合機械臂輔助,手術效果更佳,逐漸成為局部腎臟切除的新標準。

「透過機械臂手術系統輔助,配合放大了的清晰影像及過濾手震功能,切除癌腫瘤更精準,縫針效果更佳,減少出血及尿滲等後遺症的風險。加上機械臂技術的演變,能夠幫助醫生擴闊手術的局限,以往一些較大、較複雜的腫瘤,現時已可藉着新技術切除,預計越來越多腎癌個案能夠受惠。」鄭醫生說。

術後化驗腫瘤,病理科醫生會評估癌細胞毒性,如屬於高風險,則會建議患者進行輔助治療以減低復發率。患者可能憂慮到腎功能會變差,甚至影響生活質素。鄭醫生對此表示,部分患者或出現慢性腎病狀況,腎功能有所下降,惟較少會出現嚴重腎衰竭致要洗腎;患者在術後注意飲食,例如避免吃得太鹹,控制好血壓及血糖水平,並要避免亂服成藥,否則可能令腎功能進一步下降。

 

冷凍消融 射頻消融

有些患者會因身體狀況欠佳而無法接受手術,現時亦有其他治療方法助其擊退腎癌,「經皮腎腫瘤消融術」便是其一,適用於治療腫瘤小於四厘米的腎癌。

方法包括冷凍消融術及射頻消融術,分別以高溫或低溫消滅癌細胞。以冷凍消融術為例,醫生會根據影像導航,將幼針刺入腫瘤,並利用高壓、常溫氬氣及氦氣,使其結冰及融冰,令癌細胞死亡。至於射頻消融術,則是以射頻能量產生熱能,以攝氏六十度以上溫度殺死癌細胞。

鄭醫生說,及早發現腎癌,有助將其根治,然而它在病發初期幾乎毫無徵兆,市民需留意腰部有否脹痛及血尿情況,如有疑似病徵便應盡早求診。一旦發展至晚期階段,只能透過標靶治療或免疫治療等方法應對,治療亦見難度。